This study examines the role of country- and individual-level factors on climate change risk perceptions in 28 European countries. Based on the nature of the data and the research question, a multilevel ordered logit model is used. As individual observations are nested between countries, the data are hierarchical, which justifies the use of a multilevel model. The analysis focuses on the dependent variable with ordered categories. Because of their inherent ordinal structure, the response levels provide a meaningful ranking. The ordered logit model explicitly takes this ordinal nature into account when modeling the dependent variable. At the country level, this study found that climate change risk perceptions increase with higher levels of per capita income and lower levels of regulatory quality. The positive effect of the level of national income persists even after controlling for whether the country had a communist regime in the past or not. At the individual level, this study found that higher levels of climate change risk perception are shown by more educated individuals, people with egalitarian and post-materialist values, people with a higher interest in politics and lower levels of personal economic worries. Overall, women express higher levels of climate change risk perception than men, but having younger children at home reduces women's risk perception. Similarly, the level of climate change risk perception decreases with age only among women. A series of robustness checks confirm the main findings. The research suggests that EU policymakers can improve climate policies and public engagement by considering differences in income, regulatory quality, historical context and gender-specific aspects. Insights from this study can lead to targeted risk communication. (Selim Jürgen Ergun, Zehra D. Karadeniz & M. Fernanda Rivas , more at nature.com)

The Climate Outreach Talking Climate Handbook provides evidence-based guidelines for constructive and meaningful conversations about climate change in everyday life. It aims to promote understanding, find common ground and inspire action by building connection and respect.

This practical resource offers tools to engage diverse audiences, overcome conversational challenges, and strengthen climate protection through dialogue. Aimed at individuals passionate about climate change, the guide promotes inclusivity and effective communication strategies.

Summary of the document #TalkingClimate Handbook

This document, entitled "#TalkingClimate Handbook: How to have conversations about climate change in everyday life", focuses on how to have constructive conversations about climate change with friends, family, acquaintances and strangers.

• The document highlights the importance of everyday conversations about climate change as they contribute to the wider social and political response to this crisis.
• Although people are increasingly concerned about climate change, many do not talk about it, which creates the so-called "climatic silence".
• Conversations are key to breaking this silence and moving people to participate more actively in global efforts to reduce emissions.

Principles of REAL TALK

The document sets out the principles REAL TALK, which should be followed in constructive climate talks:

• Respect your conversation partner and find common ground. Avoid blaming and judging to create a safe atmosphere and trust.
• Enjoy the interview. The relaxed and pleasant atmosphere contributes to an authentic connection with the interview partner.
• Ask questions. Give space to think about what climate change means for your interview partner.
• Listen and show that you have heard. Pay attention to what the other person is saying and make sure you understand them correctly.
• Tell your story. Share how you became interested in climate change and why you are concerned about it.
• Doing it makes it easier (but doesn't fix it). Talk about the steps you have taken to respond to climate change and how it has helped you.
• Learn from your conversation partner. Accept different perspectives and opinions with an open mind and curiosity.
• Go ahead and stay connected. Look for opportunities to have more conversations and build community with people who care about climate change.

More tips

The document also provides additional tips for conducting successful climate conversations:

• Get ready. Think about your story and the facts you want to mention.
• Be authentic. Don't be afraid to share your own struggles and fears.
• Focus on solutions. Talk about positive steps and inspirational examples.
• Don't overwhelm with information. Provide information gradually and with regard to the interest of the interview partner.
• Be aware of the specifics of different groups. Adapt your approach and language to the age and attitude of the interviewee.

Conclusion

The paper emphasizes that every conversation about climate change is valuable and encourages readers not to be afraid to talk about this important issue. (More on climate-pact.europa.eu)

Ice samples from Antarctica are a unique record of the past of our planet. These ice archives store air bubbles that allow us to analyze the composition of the atmosphere over hundreds of thousands of years. Research in recent years points to significant changes in greenhouse gases, especially greenhouse (CO₂) and methane (CH₄) concentrations, which are related to land-based fluctuations.

What do the new findings say?

According to a recent analysis of the concentration of CO₂ and CH₄ trapped in the Antarctic ice, we must assess that the level of these gases always rises during the warming between ice ages. However, this rise was gradual and naturally conditioned by changes in solar radiation and other geophysical changes. In contrast to the current rate of CO₂ growth is unprecedented and primary human activity such as burning fossil fuels and deforestation.

Studies so far that:

1. CO₂ concentrations they reached about 280 ppm (parts per million) before the industrial revolution, while today they exceed 420 ppm.
2. Methane , a greenhouse gas, has ranged from 35–700 ppb (particle level) during the past hundreds of thousands of years, but current values exceed 1800 ppb.

Historical and current trends

Evidence from ice cores shows that when CO₂ rose in the past, Earth's temperature rose, triggering positive feedbacks such as melting permafrost and releasing methane. However, the current increase in CO₂ and methane is taking place over a much shorter period of time, which increases the risk of disruption of the climate system.

Scientists fear that the rapid increase in greenhouse gases may activate the so-called a rupture of a climatic body, such as the destabilization of the Antarctic ice sheet or the massive release of methane from the seabed and permafrost.

What are the implications for the future?

Antarctic ice research highlights that the atmosphere is very sensitive to changes in greenhouse gases. Current emissions can cause warming of more than 2°C compared to the pre-industrial era, the limit set by the Paris Climate Agreement.

• Sea level rise : Melting ice can increase sea level rise by several meters.
• Worsening extreme weather : An increase in temperature is most often caused by heat waves, strong storms and periods of drought.

What can we do?

To say the worst case scenario, scientists appeal to:

• Reduction of CO₂ emissions : Renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind energy, must eliminate fossil fuels.
• Methane monitoring : Better monitoring of methane leaks from landfills, the oil industry and melting permafrost is needed.

Conclusion

Data from glaciers provide us with a warning: natural fluctuations in greenhouse gases have always affected the Earth's climate, but the speed and scale of current changes are completely unprecedented. If we do not act now, we will face dramatic challenges on a global scale. Spring

More details about these researches can be found on the pages published in the journal Nature Geoscience. 

Welcome to the NOAA Carbon Cycle Greenhouse Gases group information website! The central site for global greenhouse gas monitoring and is in charge of operating the global air sampling network that continues to monitor the air we breathe.

November 17 424.09 ppm

Safe concentration: 350 ppm

ppm – the number of particles of carbon dioxide per million particles of air.

More on gml.noaa.gov

With her signature scarf draped over her shoulders and her silver hair pulled back from her face, Jane Goodall radiates calm — even through our slightly blurry video call. In a Viennese hotel room, she is surrounded by a press team and a small group of filmmakers documenting her latest speaking tour.

The famous primatologist and conservationist sits on a chair with a high back that exceeds her slim figure.

I see on my screen that behind her on the shelf is her monkey, Mr. H.

The toy was given to her almost 30 years ago by a friend and she traveled the whole world with it. Dr. Goodall is now 90 years old and she and Mr. H are still on the road.

"I'm a little exhausted," she admits. "I came here from Paris." And then I go to Berlin, then to Geneva. On this tour, I am talking about the danger to the environment and some remedial measures,” he says. (Victoria Gill, more at bbc.com)

In 2004, a trio of researchers published a study , which achieved something that had never been seen before. They calculated the specific contribution that human-caused climate change has made to individual extreme weather events. The extreme event in question was the heat wave in Europe in the summer of 2003. Week after week, the extreme heat had a devastating impact, killing more than 70,000 people across the continent.

Scientists have found that human influence has at least doubled the risk of such an extreme heat wave occurring. The findings made headlines around the world. (Robert McSweeney and Ayesha Tandon, Design and development by Kerry Cleaver, Tom Pearson and Tom Prater, more at interactive.carbonbrief.org)

Countries vary widely in the extent to which they seek to decarbonize their economies and in the approaches they take. Much research points to how "political will" varies from country to country. The public, politicians and interest groups support climate action to varying degrees in different countries. That is why strong climate coalitions are emerging in some places, but not in others. While political will is an important driver of national climate ambitions, a country's ability to implement climate policy – especially its institutional and fiscal capacity – is also important. (Jonas Meckling & Ari Benkler , more at nature.com)

Welcome to the NOAA Carbon Cycle Greenhouse Gases group information website! The central site for global greenhouse gas monitoring and is in charge of operating the global air sampling network that continues to monitor the air we breathe.

November 15 424.07 ppm

Safe concentration: 350 ppm

ppm – the number of particles of carbon dioxide per million particles of air.

More on gml.noaa.gov

Welcome to the NOAA Carbon Cycle Greenhouse Gases group information website! The central site for global greenhouse gas monitoring and is in charge of operating the global air sampling network that continues to monitor the air we breathe.

November 13 424.04 ppm

Safe concentration: 350 ppm

ppm – the number of particles of carbon dioxide per million particles of air.

More on gml.noaa.gov

Preliminary estimates compiled as part of the Global Carbon Budget project indicate that the amount of carbon dioxide (CO ₂ ) released into the atmosphere by fossil fuels will increase by another 0.8 % in 2024, which would increase annual emissions to 37.4 billion metric tons of CO ₂ .

"The impacts of climate change are becoming more dramatic, but we still see no sign of fossil fuel burning peaking," said Professor Pierre Friedlingstein of the Global Systems Institute at the University of Exeter. who led the study. "Until we reach net zero CO emissions worldwide ₂ , global temperatures will continue to rise and cause increasingly serious consequences.” (More on research.noaa.gov)

Carbon dioxide removal is essential to achieving net zero emissions as any residual CO emissions need to be neutralized ₂ . The scientifically accepted definition of carbon dioxide removal requires that atmospheric CO be removed ₂ stored "permanently"; however, what is meant by durability remains unclear, and interpretations have varied from decades to millennia. Using a reduced-complexity climate model, we investigated here the effect of carbon dioxide removal with different storage lengths _CO2 . We found that storage time significantly affects whether net zero emissions achieve the desired temperature results. With typical 100-year storage, they lead to net zero CO emissions _{2 with residual emissions of 6 Gt CO 2} per year to an additional warming of 1.1 °C by 2,500 compared to permanent storage, putting internationally agreed temperature limits at risk. Our findings suggest that the storage period of CO ₂ less than 1000 years is insufficient to neutralize the remaining fossil CO emissions ₂ with net zero emissions. These results reinforce the principle that credible claims of neutralization by carbon dioxide removal within net zero require balancing emissions with removals of similar atmospheric residence time and storage, e.g. geological or biogenic. (Cyril Brunner , Zeke Hausfather & Reto Knutt, more at nature.com)

Welcome to the NOAA Carbon Cycle Greenhouse Gases group information website! The central site for global greenhouse gas monitoring and is in charge of operating the global air sampling network that continues to monitor the air we breathe.

November 11 424.02 ppm

Safe concentration: 350 ppm

ppm – the number of particles of carbon dioxide per million particles of air.

More on gml.noaa.gov

Quantifying fair national shares of the remaining global carbon budget has proven challenging. Here, we propose an indicator – additional carbon liability – that quantifies the responsibility of countries to mitigate and remove CO ₂ while achieving their own goals. Taking into account carbon debts since 1990 and future claims based on individual countries' emission trajectories, the indicator uses the same cumulative per capita emissions approach to allocate responsibility for closing the mitigation gap between countries with a positive total excess carbon claim. The carbon budget is exceeded by 576 gigatons of fossil CO ₂ when warming is limited to below 1.5 °C (probability 50 %). The additional carbon liability is highest in the United States and China, and highest per capita in the United Arab Emirates and Russia. Assumptions about the carbon debt significantly affect the results in most countries. The ability to pay for this responsibility is difficult for Iran, Kazakhstan and several BRICS+ members, unlike the G7 members. (Thomas Hahn, Johannes Morfeldt, Ingo Fetzer, more at nature.com)

Assessing compliance with the anthropogenic warming target of the Paris Agreement requires transparent, reliable and timely metrics. Linearity between increases in atmospheric CO ₂ and temperature offers a framework that appears to meet these criteria and produces estimates of anthropogenic warming that are at least 30 % more certain than alternative methods. Here, for the year 2023, we estimate that humans have caused a global increase of 1.49 ± 0.11 °C relative to the pre-1700 baseline. (Andrew Jarvis & Piers M. Forster, more at phys.org) 

The UN Climate Change Conference began in November. One contentious issue will be at the center of attention: negotiating new payments from industrialized countries to their less wealthy counterparts - particularly using profits from oil and gas companies.

The debate over the financing of these payments is, to put it mildly, heated. But now, the revelation of a study led by the Technical University of Munich (TUM) could change everything.

It turns out that the windfall gained by oil and gas companies during the 2022 energy crisis was enough to meet the existing obligations of industrialized countries for almost five years. The researchers' solution? Tax on these so-called windfalls. (Sanjana Gajbhiye, more at earth.com)

RECORD heat, extreme weather events, air pollution and the spread of infectious diseases: climate change poses an already huge but ever-growing threat to human health around the world, experts warn.

The latest round of UN climate talks begins next week in what is expected to be the hottest year on record - and in the shadow of climate skeptic Donald Trump's re-election as US president.

COP29 will take place in Azerbaijan as the world continues to release increasing amounts of planet-warming fossil fuels, even as many nations suffer from devastating floods, droughts, heatwaves and storms. (More on businesstimes.com.sg)

Just a few weeks ago, massive rainfall caused by storm "Boris" led to chaos and flooding in Central and Eastern Europe. Analysis by the Alfred Wegener Institute shows that in a world without current levels of global warming, Boris would deposit roughly nine percent less precipitation. Such conclusions can be drawn thanks to a new modeling approach called "storylines". How it can be used in near real time has just been presented in the journal Nature Communications Earth & Environment. The AWI team also released a freely available online tool that allows users to identify the fingerprints of climate change in current extreme weather events and create their own comparison graphics. (More on eurasiareview.com)

The world has just reached an alarming new milestone: average global temperatures in 2024 are o 1.55 °C higher as in the pre-industrial era. This figure, published this week by the European Climate Service Copernicus , represents the first ever crossing of the 1.5°C limit set by the Paris Agreement. This milestone is considered to be breaking point in the fight against climate change - this is a moment that can decide the future of our planet and which should act as to take stricter measures at the COP29 climate conference .

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What does the tipping point mean for global temperature?

"It is a tipping point for global temperature," the Copernicus climate service said in a press release published this week. If we exceed 1.5°C above pre-industrial values, we will reach the highest limits that can become irreversible and threaten many aspects of our planet - from natural ecosystems to the economy and human health. It is this tipping point that is leading scientists, climate activists and politicians to increase the urgency in the fight against climate change.

The temperature threshold of 1.5 °C is not just a symbolic goal. This limit has been set by scientists as the threshold beyond which the likely catastrophic climate change increases sharply. Exceeding this threshold signals that current efforts to mitigate climate change are unnecessary and that the world must focus not only on reducing emissions, but also on urgent adaptation to climate change.

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Why is crossing the 1.5°C threshold a tipping point?

With an increased global temperature of more than 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels, we are in danger of reaching the so-called climatic tipping points – irreversible changes in natural systems that can have catastrophic consequences. The most frequently discussed body fractures include:

• Decay of Arctic sea ice : Arctic sea ice extent lasts longer than warmer temperatures, exposing a dark ocean that absorbs more sunlight and warms even faster. This phenomenon causes accelerated melting of ice and contributes to the further increase of sea level ice.
• Melting of permafrost : In the northern regions of the planet, permafrost is breaking down - frozen soil that contains a huge amount of greenhouse gases, especially methane. By heating, these gases are released into the atmosphere, which further increases the temperature and increases global warming.
• Collapsing Amazon forest : The Amazon rainforest, which is one of the largest carbon reservoirs, may lose its ability to absorb CO₂ at higher rates and become a net producer of emissions. Destruction of the Amazon rainforest would reduce biodiversity, leading to the loss of habitat for many species.

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Threat of disaster and call for immediate action

If the current warming trend continues, it is very likely that this tipping point for global temperatures will trigger a chain reaction that will have global and long-lasting consequences. Scientists warn that without immediate and consistent action, what awaits us disaster in the form of increasingly extreme manifestations of weather, drought, flooding, the destruction of ecosystems and unpredictable impacts on human society.

This milestone is not just another record, but a warning of the real risks of the climate crisis. It is intended to serve as a challenge to world leaders to step up their roles in climate policy. At the next COP29 climate conference in Baku, one of the reduced agenda items will be new targets to reduce and introduce more effective adaptation measures.

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How can COP29 contribute to solving this crisis?

Exceeding the temperature threshold of 1.5 °C should motivate the country to take concrete measures and existing obligations at the COP29 conference. This conference represents an important opportunity to increase the financing of adaptation measures that regulate the most vulnerable countries that are preparing for the consequences of climate change.

At COP29, follow these simple steps:

1. Increase in target emissions : Countries must meet the following risks to reduce current warming trends. This means, for example, increasing the share of renewable energy sources and limiting fossil fuels.
2. Financing adaptation measures : Financing for developing countries is key to mitigating the impacts of climate change. COP29 should find commitments to provide financial and technical assistance to these countries.
3. Support for natural solutions : Preserving forests, wetlands and other natural ecosystems can help absorb carbon from the atmosphere and slow global warming. Nature is one of the best ways to protect the environment while protecting emissions.
4. Development of new technologies : Investing in technologies that enable capture and carbon, by helping to store emissions where they can be completely eliminated.

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Conclusion: Crossing the tipping point as an opportunity for change

Exceeding the 1.5°C limit is not a numerical milestone – it is only a warning signal and a demand for action. This cost tipping point, that we are approaching a limit beyond which the return to a stable climate may be more difficult and costly. The world is at a crossroads: either we choose to act and move on, or we face a future that may affect the future of the planet.

As stated by the Copernicus service, the crossing of this limit was intended to serve as an effective response to the increase in load and the adoption of effective measures. COP29 is a unique opportunity for world leaders to take decisions that can reverse the current trend and ensure a sustainable future for the next generation. Spring

In 2024, the average temperature on Earth is expected to exceed the historical limit of global warming by 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels. This symbolic milestone is justified by serious concerns, because due to the consequence of the emergence of serious problems, it is necessary to remember that society too. The topic of global warming is as relevant today as ever, and crossing the 1.5°C limit set by scientists and climatologists reminds us of the urgency of the fight against climate change. In this article, we look at why 2024 is so important, what are the causes and consequences of rising global temperatures, and what can be done to mitigate this crisis.

Why is the 1.5°C limit so important?

International climate agreements, in particular the Paris Agreement of 2015, have committed to keeping global warming below 2°C, setting as a target 1.5 °C . This goal was set on the basis of extensive scientific studies, which showed that an increase in temperature of more than 1.5 °C meant a significant worsening of extreme climatic phenomena, such as heat, droughts, floods or forest fires. Many ecosystems, such as coral reefs, would not be able to adapt to the rapid changes and the risk of their extinction would be high. Climatologists therefore warn that crossing this limit will bring not only ecological, but also economic and social consequences that will be felt by millions of people around the world.

Year 2024: Causes of record warming

This exceptionally high rise in temperature is due to several factors:

• El Niño phenomenon : This climatic phenomenon, which occurs in the Pacific Ocean, causes an increase in the temperature of the oceans and consequently the atmosphere. Combined with increasing greenhouse gas emissions, this phenomenon contributes significantly to the overall increase in global temperature.
• Growing emissions : World emissions of CO₂ and other greenhouse gases still increasing, mainly due to the burning of fossil fuels, deforestation and intensive agricultural production. These gases trap heat in the atmosphere, leading to a gradual increase in temperature.
• Urbanization and industrial development : Extensive industrial development in developing countries, urbanization and infrastructure construction further increase the amount of emissions and contribute to overall warming.

Consequences of global warming above 1.5 °C

Exceeding the 1.5°C limit has serious consequences on many levels:

• Worsening of extreme climatic phenomena : The heat will be even more intense, so longer and most common, and extraordinary new floods affecting the area, which are extensive damage to infrastructure and people's lives.
• Loss of biodiversity : For many species, especially those that are sensitive to temperature changes, crossing the 1.5°C limit means a serious threat. Animals and plants will be forced to migrate or adapt to new needs, but many of them cannot.
• Threat to food safety : Changes in weather and climate extremes will worsen harvests in agriculturally active regions. This can lead to food crises, increase food prices and worsen living conditions for the poorest.
• The rise of climate migrants : Several areas will be uninhabitable due to extreme weather and degraded living conditions, causing millions of people to migrate in search of better conditions.

What can we do to mitigate climate change?

Although 2024 will bring tough news on the state of the climate, there are various steps we can take to mitigate this crisis:

1. Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions : Promoting renewable energy sources such as solar and wind is key. Efforts to limit fossil fuels and use energy more efficiently can help slow global warming.
2. Afforestation and biodiversity protection : Reforestation and ecosystem protection contribute to achieving CO₂ in the atmosphere. Nature plays an important role in environmental regulation, and afforestation programs have not only ecological but also social benefits.
3. Support of sustainable agriculture : Limiting the excessive use of land and water, introducing agricultural technology and reducing emissions from agricultural production are important steps.
4. Awareness raising and education : In order for society to act, it is necessary to raise awareness about climate change and its consequences. Education in this area is an investment in the future that can help shape the next generation that will be able to face this challenge.
5. International cooperation : The climate crisis knows no borders and the fight against it requires cooperation at the global level. Solutions must include coordinated efforts, joint investment and support for less developed countries.

Conclusion

The year 2024 is an important year for our planet, which reminds us of the seriousness of the climate situation. Exceeding the limit of 1.5°C of global warming requires immediate and immediate measures to protect our environment. At this time, it is important to find forces and solutions that will not only mitigate climate change, but also protect our health, biodiversity and the future of future generations. Spring