Kyoto Protocol to United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is an international treaty adopted in December 1997 in Kyoto, Japan at the third session of the Conference of the contracting parties (COP3) UNFCCC. In addition to those included in the UNFCCC, it contains legally binding commitments. Countries included in Annex B of the protocol (mostly OECD countries and countries with economies in transition) have agreed to reduce emissions of anthropogenic  greenhouse gases (GHG) ( carbon dioxide (CO ₂ ) , methane (CH ₄ ) , nitrous oxide (N ₂ ABOUT ), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs) and sulfur fluoride (SF ₆ )) in the first binding period (2008-2012) by at least 5 % below the level of 1990. The Kyoto Protocol entered into force on February 16, 2005, and in May 2018 it had 192 contracting parties (191 states and the European Union). A second commitment period was agreed in December 2012 at COP18, known as the Doha Addendum to the Kyoto Protocol, in which a new set of parties pledged to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by at least 18 % compared to 1990 levels between 2013 and 2020. However, as of May 2018, the Doha Amendment has not received enough ratifications to enter into force