Ocean temperatures are off the charts since mid-March 2023 , with the highest average levels in 40 years of satellite monitoring, and this impact is percolating in disruptive ways around the world. The Sea of Japan is by more than 7 degrees Fahrenheit (4 degrees Celsius) warmer than average. The Indian monsoon, closely linked to conditions in the warm Indian Ocean, is significantly below its expected strength. Spain, France, England and the entire Scandinavian Peninsula  also record rainfall well below normal , probably associated with an exceptional marine heatwave in the eastern North Atlantic. Sea surface temperatures were 1 to 3 °C above average from the coast of Africa to Iceland. ( Annalisa Bracco, Georgia Institute of Technology)