The year 2024 is confirmed by the service Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) as the world's warmest year on record and the first calendar year in which the global average temperature exceeded 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels. C3S is implemented on behalf of the European Commission by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), whose scientists monitor key climate indicators and document unprecedented daily, monthly and annual temperature records through 2024. Human-induced climate change remains the main driver of extreme air and sea surface temperatures; while other factors, such as the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), have also contributed to the unusual temperatures observed throughout the year.