{"id":38911,"date":"2026-03-15T22:06:28","date_gmt":"2026-03-15T21:06:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.co2news.sk\/?p=38911"},"modified":"2026-03-15T22:07:28","modified_gmt":"2026-03-15T21:07:28","slug":"variabilita-co2-a-ch4-v-metropolitnych-oblastiach-dynamika-zdroje-a-monitorovanie","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.co2news.sk\/ar\/2026\/03\/15\/variabilita-co2-a-ch4-v-metropolitnych-oblastiach-dynamika-zdroje-a-monitorovanie\/","title":{"rendered":"\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062b\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0635\u062f"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>\u062a\u0644\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a. \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 <strong>\u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 70 \u062a\u0631\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0637\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 (CO2) \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a.<\/strong>, \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0640<!--more--> v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 mno\u017estvo antropog\u00e9nneho met\u00e1nu (CH4). Z tohto d\u00f4vodu vznikaj\u00fa vo ve\u013ek\u00fdch metropol\u00e1ch po celom svete (vr\u00e1tane eur\u00f3pskych miest ako Par\u00ed\u017e \u010di Lond\u00fdn) organizovan\u00e9 monitorovacie projekty na sledovanie t\u00fdchto sklen\u00edkov\u00fdch plynov.<\/p>\n<h5>Zdroje emisi\u00ed v mestskom prostred\u00ed<\/h5>\n<p>Komplexnos\u0165 metropolitn\u00fdch oblast\u00ed spo\u010d\u00edva v tom, \u017ee sa v nich mie\u0161aj\u00fa r\u00f4znorod\u00e9 pr\u00edrodn\u00e9 a antropog\u00e9nne zdroje emisi\u00ed:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Oxid uhli\u010dit\u00fd (CO2):<\/strong> Antropog\u00e9nne zdroje zah\u0155\u0148aj\u00fa predov\u0161etk\u00fdm spa\u013eovanie fos\u00edlnych pal\u00edv (doprava, spa\u013eovanie zemn\u00e9ho plynu na v\u00fdrobu elektriny a sez\u00f3nne vykurovanie \u010di chladenie). Biosf\u00e9rick\u00e9 toky CO2 zah\u0155\u0148aj\u00fa d\u00fdchanie rastl\u00edn a p\u00f4dy, ako aj fotosynt\u00e9zu.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Met\u00e1n (CH4):<\/strong> M\u00f4\u017ee vznika\u0165 biog\u00e9nnymi aj termog\u00e9nnymi procesmi. Biog\u00e9nny met\u00e1n vznik\u00e1 mikrobi\u00e1lnym rozkladom organick\u00fdch l\u00e1tok (skl\u00e1dky odpadu, \u010distiarne odpadov\u00fdch v\u00f4d, po\u013enohospod\u00e1rstvo). Termog\u00e9nny met\u00e1n je spojen\u00fd so spracovan\u00edm a \u00fanikmi z infra\u0161trukt\u00fary zemn\u00e9ho plynu, ale aj s nedokonal\u00fdm spa\u013eovan\u00edm fos\u00edlnych pal\u00edv.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h5>\u010co sp\u00f4sobuje variabilitu koncentr\u00e1ci\u00ed CO2 a CH4?<\/h5>\n<p>Atmosf\u00e9ra v meste nie je statick\u00e1. Koncentr\u00e1cie sklen\u00edkov\u00fdch plynov podliehaj\u00fa neust\u00e1lym zmen\u00e1m, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa ovplyvnen\u00e9 nielen samotn\u00fdmi emisiami, ale najm\u00e4 <strong>meteorologick\u00fdmi podmienkami a dynamikou planet\u00e1rnej medznej vrstvy (PBL)<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>K\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00fdm pojmom pri meran\u00ed v mest\u00e1ch je tzv. <strong>lok\u00e1lne nav\u00fd\u0161enie (enhancement)<\/strong>. Ide o rozdiel medzi nameranou koncentr\u00e1ciou v meste a &#8222;poza\u010fovou&#8220; (background) hodnotou \u010dist\u00e9ho vzduchu, ktor\u00fd do mesta pr\u00fadi z oce\u00e1nu, mora alebo z kontinentu.<\/p>\n<p>Na variabilitu t\u00fdchto nav\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed vpl\u00fdvaj\u00fa nasledovn\u00e9 faktory:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Diel\u010dia (denn\u00e1) variabilita:<\/strong> Najvy\u0161\u0161ie koncentra\u010dn\u00e9 &#8222;\u0161pi\u010dky&#8220; (spikes) CO2 a CH4 sa \u010dasto vyskytuj\u00fa v noci a skoro r\u00e1no. D\u00f4vodom je, \u017ee v noci je planet\u00e1rna medzn\u00e1 vrstva plyt\u0161ia a stabilnej\u0161ia, \u010do br\u00e1ni rozptylu lok\u00e1lnych povrchov\u00fdch emisi\u00ed do vy\u0161\u0161\u00edch vrstiev atmosf\u00e9ry. Naopak, v popolud\u0148aj\u0161\u00edch hodin\u00e1ch (zvy\u010dajne medzi 12:00 a 16:00), ke\u010f je atmosf\u00e9ra lep\u0161ie premie\u0161an\u00e1, b\u00fdvaj\u00fa koncentr\u00e1cie ni\u017e\u0161ie a vykazuj\u00fa men\u0161iu varianciu.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Sez\u00f3nna variabilita:<\/strong> Koncentr\u00e1cie a nav\u00fd\u0161enia b\u00fdvaj\u00fa vo v\u0161eobecnosti <strong>vy\u0161\u0161ie v zime ako v lete<\/strong>. Tento jav je sp\u00f4soben\u00fd zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00fdmi antropog\u00e9nnymi emisiami z vykurovania v obytn\u00fdch a komer\u010dn\u00fdch sektoroch, ako aj ni\u017e\u0161ou v\u00fd\u0161kou zmie\u0161avacej vrstvy v zimnom obdob\u00ed.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Priestorov\u00e1 variabilita:<\/strong> V najviac urbanizovan\u00fdch a priemyseln\u00fdch \u010dastiach miest s\u00fa priemern\u00e9 koncentr\u00e1cie logicky najvy\u0161\u0161ie. Pre ilustr\u00e1ciu z ve\u013ek\u00fdch monitorovac\u00edch siet\u00ed: husto zastavan\u00e9 centr\u00e1 miest m\u00f4\u017eu vykazova\u0165 stredn\u00e9 popolud\u0148aj\u0161ie nav\u00fd\u0161enia o pribli\u017ene 15 a\u017e 20 ppm pre CO2 a 80 a\u017e 150 ppb pre CH4 v porovnan\u00ed s \u010dist\u00fdm poza\u010fov\u00fdm vzduchom.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u00dadaje o CH4 navy\u0161e \u010dasto vykazuj\u00fa distrib\u00faciu s &#8222;dlh\u00fdm chvostom&#8220; (long-tail distribution), \u010do znamen\u00e1, \u017ee men\u0161\u00ed po\u010det meran\u00ed zachyt\u00e1va extr\u00e9mne vysok\u00e9 koncentr\u00e1cie. Tieto epiz\u00f3dy s\u00fa typicky sp\u00f4soben\u00e9 lok\u00e1lnymi nepl\u00e1novan\u00fdmi \u00fanikmi z plyn\u00e1renskej infra\u0161trukt\u00fary (tzv. fugit\u00edvne emisie).<\/p>\n<h5>Vplyv n\u00e1hlych zmien v \u013eudskej aktivite<\/h5>\n<p>Modern\u00e9 meracie siete s\u00fa dostato\u010dne citliv\u00e9 na to, aby dok\u00e1zali zachyti\u0165 zmeny v emisi\u00e1ch v re\u00e1lnom \u010dase. V\u00fdznamn\u00fdm eur\u00f3pskym aj glob\u00e1lnym pr\u00edkladom boli <strong>lockdowny po\u010das pand\u00e9mie COVID-19<\/strong>. Tieto re\u0161trikcie viedli k mas\u00edvnemu poklesu dopravy, \u010do sa okam\u017eite prejavilo na zn\u00ed\u017een\u00fdch emisi\u00e1ch. Mikrometeorologick\u00e9 merania a monitorovacie stanice zaznamenali po\u010das apr\u00edla 2020 pokles emisi\u00ed CO2 na \u00farovni od 33 % do 45 % v z\u00e1vislosti od konkr\u00e9tneho metropolitn\u00e9ho uzla a jeho dopravnej z\u00e1\u0165a\u017ee. Zauj\u00edmavos\u0165ou je, \u017ee pokles oxidu uho\u013enat\u00e9ho (CO) v niektor\u00fdch oblastiach nekore\u0161pondoval presne s poklesom CO2, \u010do vedci pripisuj\u00fa mo\u017enej zmene v zlo\u017een\u00ed vozov\u00e9ho parku po\u010das lockdownov (napr\u00edklad pretrv\u00e1vaj\u00faca n\u00e1kladn\u00e1 doprava verzus \u00fabytok star\u0161\u00edch, viac zne\u010dis\u0165uj\u00facich osobn\u00fdch \u00e1ut).<\/p>\n<h5>Ako sa tieto d\u00e1ta z\u00edskavaj\u00fa a overuj\u00fa?<\/h5>\n<p>Na pochopenie emisi\u00ed a ich variability sa kombinuj\u00fa dva pr\u00edstupy:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Bottom-up pr\u00edstup (zdola-nahor):<\/strong> Vyu\u017e\u00edva d\u00e1ta o lok\u00e1lnej aktivite (spotreba pal\u00edv, hustota dopravy) a emisn\u00e9 invent\u00fary. Tieto invent\u00fary sa robia \u010doraz \u010dastej\u0161ie s vysok\u00fdm priestorov\u00fdm rozl\u00ed\u0161en\u00edm a\u017e na \u00farove\u0148 jednotliv\u00fdch budov alebo ul\u00edc (napr. syst\u00e9m Hestia).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Top-down pr\u00edstup (zhora-nadol):<\/strong> Spo\u010d\u00edva v priamom meran\u00ed koncentr\u00e1ci\u00ed plynov v atmosf\u00e9re. Na toto sa vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa kontinu\u00e1lne analyz\u00e1tory na b\u00e1ze spektroskopie, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa umiestnen\u00e9 na vysok\u00fdch komunika\u010dn\u00fdch ve\u017eiach alebo na strech\u00e1ch budov (tzv. <em>Atmospheric Integrity Records<\/em> alebo AIR), v\u010faka \u010domu poskytuj\u00fa neskreslen\u00fd chronologick\u00fd z\u00e1znam o ovzdu\u0161\u00ed.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Pre lok\u00e1lne a metropolitn\u00e9 toky sa \u010dasto vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa aj <strong>mikrometeorologick\u00e9 met\u00f3dy<\/strong>, ako napr\u00edklad &#8222;eddy covariance&#8220; (EC) alebo te\u00f3ria podobnosti Monin-Obukhov (MOST), ktor\u00e9 dok\u00e1\u017eu ve\u013emi presne zachyti\u0165 emisie na \u00farovni men\u0161\u00edch \u0161tvrt\u00ed (s rozlohou cca 1 km\u00b2).<\/p>\n<p>Kontinu\u00e1lne monitorovanie CO2 a CH4 v metropolitn\u00fdch oblastiach \u2013 \u010di u\u017e v Eur\u00f3pe alebo inde vo svete \u2013 n\u00e1m odha\u013euje, \u017ee mestsk\u00e1 atmosf\u00e9ra je vysoko dynamick\u00fd syst\u00e9m. Zatia\u013e \u010do invent\u00fary n\u00e1m hovoria, \u010do by mest\u00e1 &#8222;mali&#8220; produkova\u0165, modern\u00e9 pr\u00edstupov\u00e9 siete a atmosf\u00e9rick\u00e9 z\u00e1znamy n\u00e1m presne ukazuj\u00fa, \u010do sa v ovzdu\u0161\u00ed re\u00e1lne deje. Tieto presn\u00e9 d\u00e1ta s\u00fa nevyhnutn\u00fdm n\u00e1strojom pre mestsk\u00e9 pl\u00e1novanie, overovanie \u00fa\u010dinnosti klimatick\u00fdch opatren\u00ed a zni\u017eovanie uhl\u00edkovej stopy. <em><strong>JRi&amp;CO2AI\u00a0<\/strong><\/em><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Metropolitn\u00e9 oblasti hraj\u00fa v kontexte glob\u00e1lnych klimatick\u00fdch zmien \u00fastredn\u00fa \u00falohu. Viac ako polovica svetovej popul\u00e1cie v s\u00fa\u010dasnosti \u017eije v mest\u00e1ch a tieto mestsk\u00e9 oblasti s\u00fa zodpovedn\u00e9 za viac ako 70 % emisi\u00ed oxidu uhli\u010dit\u00e9ho (CO2) z fos\u00edlnych pal\u00edv, ako aj za<\/p>","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[4,6],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-38911","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-klimaticka-zmena","category-uhlikova-stopa"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.co2news.sk\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/38911","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.co2news.sk\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.co2news.sk\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.co2news.sk\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/7"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.co2news.sk\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=38911"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.co2news.sk\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/38911\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":38914,"href":"https:\/\/www.co2news.sk\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/38911\/revisions\/38914"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.co2news.sk\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=38911"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.co2news.sk\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=38911"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.co2news.sk\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=38911"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}