{"id":37974,"date":"2025-10-11T17:37:42","date_gmt":"2025-10-11T15:37:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.co2news.sk\/?p=37974"},"modified":"2025-10-11T17:38:39","modified_gmt":"2025-10-11T15:38:39","slug":"biopaliva-globalne-prispievaju-ku-klimatickej-krize-ich-uhlikova-intenzita-prekonava-fosilne-paliva-o-16","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.co2news.sk\/ar\/2025\/10\/11\/biopaliva-globalne-prispievaju-ku-klimatickej-krize-ich-uhlikova-intenzita-prekonava-fosilne-paliva-o-16\/","title":{"rendered":"\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645: \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 16 \u0636\u0639\u0641\u0627\u064b."},"content":{"rendered":"

\u062a\u0628\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a - \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 - \u0643\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0635 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u00fa\u013eavy alebo mand\u00e1ty pre mie\u0161anie pal\u00edv, do\u0161lo za posledn\u00e9 dve desa\u0165ro\u010dia k r\u00fdchlemu n\u00e1rastu v\u00fdroby a spotreby biopal\u00edv<\/strong>. Tento trend m\u00e1 pod\u013ea v\u0161etk\u00e9ho pokra\u010dova\u0165 aj v nasleduj\u00facich rokoch. Na medzin\u00e1rodnej sc\u00e9ne bola v roku 2023 na podporu tohto cie\u013ea spusten\u00e1 aj Glob\u00e1lna aliancia pre biopaliv\u00e1 (GBA), ktor\u00fa iniciovala vl\u00e1da Indie.<\/p>\n

Hoci GBA a v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ina vl\u00e1d nomin\u00e1lne s\u00fahlas\u00ed, \u017ee biopaliv\u00e1 by mali by\u0165 udr\u017eate\u013en\u00e9, trh je na\u010falej silne ovl\u00e1dan\u00fd biopalivami prvej gener\u00e1cie (1G)<\/strong>. Tieto paliv\u00e1 sa vyr\u00e1baj\u00fa z potravin\u00e1rskych plod\u00edn bohat\u00fdch na \u0161krob, cukor alebo olej, ako je kukurica, cukrov\u00e1 trstina alebo s\u00f3ja.<\/p>\n

Mas\u00edvne n\u00e1roky na p\u00f4du a uhl\u00edkov\u00e9 n\u00e1klady<\/h3>\n

Produkcia t\u00fdchto biopal\u00edv m\u00e1 priame a nepriame environment\u00e1lne d\u00f4sledky. Odhaduje sa, \u017ee v roku 2023 bolo v deviatich popredn\u00fdch krajin\u00e1ch (vr\u00e1tane USA, Braz\u00edlie a E\u00da+UK) pribli\u017ene 32 mili\u00f3nov hekt\u00e1rov (Mha) p\u00f4dy<\/strong> vyhraden\u00fdch na produkciu surov\u00edn pre biopaliv\u00e1. T\u00e1to \u010dist\u00e1 po\u017eiadavka na p\u00f4du je porovnate\u013en\u00e1 s celkovou rozlohou Talianska alebo ornej p\u00f4dy Franc\u00fazska.<\/p>\n

Toto rozsiahle vyu\u017eitie p\u00f4dy prin\u00e1\u0161a so sebou \u201euhl\u00edkov\u00e9 oportunitn\u00e9 n\u00e1klady\u201c<\/strong> (carbon opportunity cost<\/em>). Keby sa t\u00e1to plocha nechala vr\u00e1ti\u0165 do prirodzenej\u0161ieho stavu (napr\u00edklad lesa alebo krov\u00edn), mohla by sl\u00fa\u017ei\u0165 ako uhl\u00edkov\u00e9 z\u00e1chytn\u00e9 miesto vo v\u00fd\u0161ke 428 MtCO\u2082e\/rok<\/strong>. T\u00e1to hodnota je v\u00fdznamne vy\u0161\u0161ia ne\u017e 233 MtCO\u2082e\/rok, ktor\u00e9 sa u\u0161etria nahraden\u00edm fos\u00edlnych pal\u00edv biopalivami (pri vyl\u00fa\u010den\u00ed emisi\u00ed zo zmien vyu\u017e\u00edvania p\u00f4dy). Navy\u0161e, v mnoh\u00fdch pr\u00edpadoch pon\u00faka obnova p\u00f4dy v\u00e4\u010d\u0161ie uhl\u00edkov\u00e9 v\u00fdhody ne\u017e pestovanie surov\u00edn pre biopaliv\u00e1.<\/p>\n

Tlak na potravinov\u00fd trh a emisie ILUC<\/h3>\n

Pribli\u017ene 90 % glob\u00e1lnej produkcie biopal\u00edv z\u00e1vis\u00ed od potravinov\u00fdch komod\u00edt. Hoci sa pri spracovan\u00ed surov\u00edn (ako je kukurica alebo repka) vracaj\u00fa na trh ved\u013eaj\u0161ie produkty (napr. liehovarn\u00edcke zrno), ktor\u00e9 \u010diasto\u010dne zmier\u0148uj\u00fa vplyv, neodstra\u0148uj\u00fa z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 nap\u00e4tie medzi dopytom po biopaliv\u00e1ch a dostupnos\u0165ou potrav\u00edn<\/strong>. \u0160t\u00fadie preuk\u00e1zali, \u017ee dopyt po biopaliv\u00e1ch zohral v\u00fdznamn\u00fa \u00falohu pri minul\u00fdch potravinov\u00fdch kr\u00edzach (2007\u201308, 2010\u201312, 2020\u201323) a viedol k dlhodob\u00e9mu zvy\u0161ovaniu cien potrav\u00edn.<\/p>\n

Najz\u00e1va\u017enej\u0161\u00ed klimatick\u00fd dopad je spojen\u00fd s nepriamou zmenou vyu\u017e\u00edvania p\u00f4dy (ILUC)<\/strong>. ILUC nast\u00e1va, ke\u010f dopyt po plodin\u00e1ch na biopaliv\u00e1 vedie farm\u00e1rov k zintenz\u00edvneniu produkcie alebo k roz\u0161\u00edreniu ornej p\u00f4dy na \u00fakor nepo\u013enohospod\u00e1rskych biotopov, \u010do sp\u00f4sobuje stratu veget\u00e1cie a uvo\u013e\u0148ovanie GHG emisi\u00ed. Najvy\u0161\u0161ie emisie ILUC s\u00fa spojen\u00e9 s palmov\u00fdm olejom a s\u00f3jov\u00fdm olejom.<\/p>\n

Na z\u00e1klade pl\u00e1novan\u00fdch politick\u00fdch z\u00e1merov sa predpoklad\u00e1, \u017ee spotreba biopal\u00edv prvej gener\u00e1cie v deviatich sledovan\u00fdch krajin\u00e1ch (USA, Braz\u00edlia, E\u00da+UK, Indon\u00e9zia, \u010c\u00edna, India, Argent\u00edna, Kanada a Thajsko) vzrastie zo 104 Mtoe v roku 2023 na 150 Mtoe v roku 2030<\/strong>. Kv\u00f4li obmedzenej dostupnosti odpadov\u00fdch a zvy\u0161kov\u00fdch surov\u00edn (ako s\u00fa tuky a pou\u017eit\u00fd kuchynsk\u00fd olej \u2013 UCO) sa odhaduje, \u017ee 92 % tohto dopytu v roku 2030 bude poch\u00e1dza\u0165 z potravinov\u00fdch surov\u00edn<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

O\u010dak\u00e1van\u00e1 expanzia a emisie do roku 2030<\/h3>\n

Zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00fd dopyt vy\u00fasti do n\u00e1rastu po\u013enohospod\u00e1rskej p\u00f4dy o 20 Mha (63 %) na celkov\u00fdch 52 Mha v roku 2030<\/strong>. S t\u00fdmto n\u00e1rastom spotreby je spojen\u00e1 predpokladan\u00e1 expanzia emisi\u00ed ILUC v rokoch 2023 a\u017e 2030, ktor\u00e1 by mohla uvo\u013eni\u0165 a\u017e 149 MtCO\u2082e<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Najv\u00fdznamnej\u0161\u00ed n\u00e1rast emisi\u00ed sa o\u010dak\u00e1va v USA, Indon\u00e9zii, Indii a Argent\u00edne, najm\u00e4 kv\u00f4li zv\u00fd\u0161enej spotrebe biopal\u00edv na b\u00e1ze palmov\u00e9ho a s\u00f3jov\u00e9ho oleja s vysok\u00fdmi faktormi ILUC. Anal\u00fdza predpoved\u00e1, \u017ee USA bud\u00fa hlavn\u00fdm glob\u00e1lnym hnac\u00edm motorom n\u00e1rastu emisi\u00ed<\/strong> s\u00favisiacich s biopalivami, s \u010dist\u00fdm n\u00e1rastom emisi\u00ed 34,4 MtCO\u2082e\/rok do roku 2030. Naproti tomu E\u00da+UK, \u010c\u00edna a Kanada smeruj\u00fa k neutr\u00e1lnej\u0161iemu alebo dokonca pozit\u00edvnemu klimatick\u00e9mu vplyvu, \u010do je sp\u00f4soben\u00e9 najm\u00e4 postupn\u00fdm vyra\u010fovan\u00edm palmov\u00e9ho oleja s vysok\u00fdm rizikom ILUC<\/strong> a rast\u00facim vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00edm odpadov\u00fdch lipidov a celul\u00f3zov\u00fdch biopal\u00edv.<\/p>\n

Celkovo sa odhaduje, \u017ee expanzia biopal\u00edv do roku 2030 vy\u00fasti do podstatn\u00e9ho n\u00e1rastu \u010dist\u00fdch ro\u010dn\u00fdch emisi\u00ed: takmer 34 MtCO\u2082e\/rok<\/strong>. Prekonanie t\u00fdchto v\u00fdziev si vy\u017eaduje zameranie sa na pokro\u010dil\u00e9 biopaliv\u00e1<\/strong> z celul\u00f3zy, ktor\u00e9 maj\u00fa potenci\u00e1lne ni\u017e\u0161ie ekologick\u00e9 dopady, a na v\u00fdvoj skuto\u010dne pr\u00edsnych a \u00fa\u010dinn\u00fdch minim\u00e1lnych environment\u00e1lnych noriem pre glob\u00e1lny priemysel biopal\u00edv. \u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0622\u0631 \u0622\u064a<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

\n

\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u00a0 <\/span>\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631<\/span><\/a><\/span>\u00a0spolo\u010dnosti Cerulogy \u00a0vydan\u00e1 v mene spolo\u010dnosti T&E.<\/span><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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