{"id":36853,"date":"2025-07-17T06:03:53","date_gmt":"2025-07-17T04:03:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.co2news.sk\/?p=36853"},"modified":"2025-07-17T06:06:24","modified_gmt":"2025-07-17T04:06:24","slug":"zmeny-krajinnej-pokryvky-a-ich-vplyv-na-globalnu-uhlikovu-sekvestraciu-kluc-k-uhlikovej-neutralite","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.co2news.sk\/ar\/2025\/07\/17\/zmeny-krajinnej-pokryvky-a-ich-vplyv-na-globalnu-uhlikovu-sekvestraciu-kluc-k-uhlikovej-neutralite\/","title":{"rendered":"Zmeny krajinnej pokr\u00fdvky a ich vplyv na glob\u00e1lnu uhl\u00edkov\u00fa sekvestr\u00e1ciu: K\u013e\u00fa\u010d k uhl\u00edkovej neutralite"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Priemyseln\u00e1 revol\u00facia a s \u0148ou spojen\u00e9 rozsiahle spa\u013eovanie fos\u00edlnych pal\u00edv, ako aj \u013eudsk\u00e9 aktivity spojen\u00e9 s vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00edm p\u00f4dy, viedli k v\u00fdrazn\u00e9mu n\u00e1rastu atmosf\u00e9rick\u00fdch hlad\u00edn sklen\u00edkov\u00fdch plynov, najm\u00e4 CO\u2082. Terestri\u00e1lne <!--more-->ekosyst\u00e9my, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa hlavn\u00fdm svetov\u00fdm uhl\u00edkov\u00fdm ponorom, po\u010das posledn\u00fdch troch desa\u0165ro\u010d\u00ed absorbovali pribli\u017ene 20 % antropog\u00e9nnych emisi\u00ed oxidu uhli\u010dit\u00e9ho (CO\u2082). Zmeny krajinnej pokr\u00fdvky (LCC), sp\u00f4soben\u00e9 antropog\u00e9nnymi z\u00e1sahmi a pr\u00edrodn\u00fdmi vplyvmi, predstavuj\u00fa jeden z najdynamickej\u0161\u00edch komponentov glob\u00e1lnej environment\u00e1lnej zmeny a maj\u00fa <strong>hlbok\u00fd vplyv na dynamiku sekvestr\u00e1cie uhl\u00edka<\/strong>. Odles\u0148ovanie a degrad\u00e1cia lesov tvorili pribli\u017ene tretinu antropog\u00e9nnych uhl\u00edkov\u00fdch emisi\u00ed od priemyselnej revol\u00facie. Naopak, zmier\u0148uj\u00face opatrenia, ako s\u00fa iniciat\u00edvy zales\u0148ovania, maj\u00fa potenci\u00e1l zv\u00e4\u010d\u0161i\u0165 terestri\u00e1lne uhl\u00edkov\u00e9 ponory a zv\u00fd\u0161i\u0165 absorpciu atmosf\u00e9rick\u00e9ho CO\u2082.<\/p>\n<p>\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-025-61956-y.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u064a\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631<\/span><\/a>, ktor\u00e1 kvantifikovala zmeny \u010distej ekosyst\u00e9movej produktivity (NEP) v rokoch 1981 a\u017e 2019 pomocou modelu BEPS a vysokorozl\u00ed\u0161en\u00fdch d\u00e1t HILDA+, priniesla prekvapiv\u00e9 zistenia. Napriek glob\u00e1lnemu \u00fabytku lesov a roz\u0161irovaniu po\u013enohospod\u00e1rskej p\u00f4dy a urbanizovan\u00fdch oblast\u00ed viedli zmeny krajinnej pokr\u00fdvky k <strong>\u010dist\u00e9mu uhl\u00edkov\u00e9mu zisku vo v\u00fd\u0161ke 229 Tg C<\/strong>. To pod\u010diarkuje komplexnos\u0165 interakci\u00ed medzi \u010dlovekom a pr\u00edrodn\u00fdm prostred\u00edm.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Hlavn\u00e9 poznatky o vplyve zmien krajinnej pokr\u00fdvky:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Zales\u0148ovanie a op\u00e4tovn\u00e9 zales\u0148ovanie<\/strong> (tzv. \u201eafforestation\u201c a \u201ereforestation\u201c) v\u00fdrazne zv\u00fd\u0161ili NEP o 1559 Tg C, \u010d\u00edm do zna\u010dnej miery <strong>vykompenzovali straty sp\u00f4soben\u00e9 odles\u0148ovan\u00edm<\/strong> (\u20131544 Tg C). To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee zisky z novovytvoren\u00fdch lesov v severnej pologuli dok\u00e1zali vyv\u00e1\u017ei\u0165 emisie z tropick\u00e9ho odles\u0148ovania.<\/li>\n<li>Hoci zaberali men\u0161iu plochu, novovzniknut\u00e9 lesy preuk\u00e1zali <strong>vy\u0161\u0161iu efektivitu sekvestr\u00e1cie<\/strong> ako degradovan\u00e9 star\u0161ie lesy, \u010do zd\u00f4raz\u0148uje k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00fa \u00falohu veku lesa pri formovan\u00ed dynamiky glob\u00e1lneho uhl\u00edkov\u00e9ho ponoru. Mlad\u0161ie lesy v priemere zvy\u0161ovali kumulat\u00edvnu NEP o 281 g C\/m\u00b2, zatia\u013e \u010do \u00fabytok star\u0161\u00edch lesov ju zni\u017eoval o 192 g C\/m\u00b2.<\/li>\n<li>Po\u010das po\u010diato\u010dn\u00fdch f\u00e1z (80. roky \u2013 za\u010diatok 21. storo\u010dia) zmeny krajinnej pokr\u00fdvky preva\u017ene zni\u017eovali NEP. V nasleduj\u00facich desa\u0165ro\u010diach sa v\u0161ak tento trend postupne preklopil k \u010dist\u00e9mu zlep\u0161eniu NEP, \u010do pravdepodobne s\u00favis\u00ed s dozrievan\u00edm novoobnoven\u00fdch lesov, ktor\u00fdch kapacita sekvestr\u00e1cie uhl\u00edka prekonala straty zo star\u0161\u00edch, zni\u010den\u00fdch lesov.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Region\u00e1lne rozdiely:<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Zisky uhl\u00edka<\/strong> boli s\u00fastreden\u00e9 predov\u0161etk\u00fdm vo <strong>v\u00fdchodnej \u00c1zii, Severnej Amerike a Eur\u00f3pe<\/strong>. Konverzia pastv\u00edn na lesy prispela v \u010c\u00edne k 64,5 % n\u00e1rodn\u00fdch ziskov NEP, v USA k 63,7 % a v Eur\u00f3pe k 30,5 %. V Rusku boli zisky z ve\u013ekej \u010dasti v\u00fdsledkom opustenia po\u013enohospod\u00e1rskej p\u00f4dy po roku 1990, \u010do viedlo k premene tr\u00e1vnat\u00fdch\/krovinn\u00fdch pl\u00f4ch na lesy (56,7 %) a po\u013enohospod\u00e1rskej p\u00f4dy na lesy (40,1 %).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Straty<\/strong> sa vyskytli hlavne v <strong>Amaz\u00f3nii a juhov\u00fdchodnej \u00c1zii<\/strong>, najm\u00e4 v d\u00f4sledku odles\u0148ovania. Indon\u00e9zia zaznamenala najv\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00ed pokles NEP sp\u00f4soben\u00fd LCC (278 Tg C) v d\u00f4sledku rozsiahleho odles\u0148ovania, vr\u00e1tane dren\u00e1\u017ee ra\u0161elin\u00edsk a premeny lesov na po\u013enohospod\u00e1rsku p\u00f4du. Braz\u00edlia stratila 157 Tg C, najm\u00e4 kv\u00f4li premene amazonsk\u00fdch lesov na pastviny.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Celkovo bolo zisten\u00e9, \u017ee <strong>dynamika lesov dominovala<\/strong> zmen\u00e1m NEP vyvolan\u00fdm LCC, pri\u010dom existovali kontrastn\u00e9 hemisf\u00e9rick\u00e9 vzory: zales\u0148ovanie\/op\u00e4tovn\u00e9 zales\u0148ovanie na severe oproti odles\u0148ovaniu v tropick\u00fdch oblastiach. Okrem lesov mali vplyv aj zmeny v po\u013enohospod\u00e1rskej p\u00f4de, pri\u010dom jej roz\u0161irovanie sa negat\u00edvne korelovalo so zmenami NEP.<\/p>\n<p>Tieto zistenia zd\u00f4raz\u0148uj\u00fa <strong>kritick\u00fd v\u00fdznam zales\u0148ovania, lesn\u00e9ho hospod\u00e1rstva a priestorovo informovan\u00fdch strat\u00e9gi\u00ed vyu\u017e\u00edvania p\u00f4dy<\/strong> pre posilnenie uhl\u00edkov\u00fdch ponorov a podporu glob\u00e1lnych cie\u013eov uhl\u00edkovej neutrality. Pre dosiahnutie uhl\u00edkovej neutrality musia \u0161t\u00e1ty, najm\u00e4 tie v tropick\u00fdch pralesn\u00fdch oblastiach s vysokou mierou odles\u0148ovania (ako Indon\u00e9zia, Braz\u00edlia), prioritne zavies\u0165 opatrenia na obnovu lesov a riaden\u00e9 obhospodarovanie existuj\u00facich porastov. Okrem toho, zlep\u0161enie produktivity v r\u00e1mci existuj\u00facej po\u013enohospod\u00e1rskej p\u00f4dy m\u00f4\u017ee zmierni\u0165 potrebu roz\u0161irovania po\u013enohospod\u00e1rstva na \u00fakor lesov. <em><strong>SpringR<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><strong>\u0645\u0633\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Zmeny p\u00f4dneho pokryvu (LCC)<\/strong>: Transform\u00e1cie v type veget\u00e1cie alebo in\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu pokr\u00fdvaj\u00faceho zemsk\u00fd povrch, \u010dasto sp\u00f4soben\u00e9 \u013eudsk\u00fdmi \u010dinnos\u0165ami (napr. odles\u0148ovanie, urbaniz\u00e1cia, zales\u0148ovanie) alebo pr\u00edrodn\u00fdmi poruchami.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Sekvestr\u00e1cia uhl\u00edka<\/strong>: Proces odstra\u0148ovania oxidu uhli\u010dit\u00e9ho z atmosf\u00e9ry a jeho ukladania v uhl\u00edkovom ponore (napr. v lesoch, p\u00f4de alebo geologick\u00fdch form\u00e1ci\u00e1ch).<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u010cist\u00e1 ekosyst\u00e9mov\u00e1 produktivita (NEP)<\/strong>: K\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00e1 metrika uhl\u00edkov\u00e9ho cyklu, ktor\u00e1 predstavuje \u010dist\u00fd tok uhl\u00edka medzi ekosyst\u00e9mom a atmosf\u00e9rou. Je to rozdiel medzi hrubou prim\u00e1rnou produktivitou (GPP) a celkovou ekosyst\u00e9movou respir\u00e1ciou (autotrofnou a heterotrofnou respir\u00e1ciou).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Biosphere-atmosphere Exchange Process Simulator (BEPS)<\/strong>: Procesne zalo\u017een\u00fd diagnostick\u00fd model riaden\u00fd dia\u013ekov\u00fdm prieskumom, ktor\u00fd sa pou\u017e\u00edva na odhad uhl\u00edkov\u00fdch tokov, ako je NEP, na z\u00e1klade meteorologick\u00fdch \u00fadajov, parametrov veget\u00e1cie a p\u00f4dnych charakterist\u00edk.<\/li>\n<li><strong>HILDA+ (High-resolution Historic Land Dynamics Assessment+)<\/strong>: Vysokorozli\u0161uj\u00faci s\u00fabor \u00fadajov o p\u00f4dnom pokryve (1 km), ktor\u00fd synergicky integruje viaczrojov\u00e9 otvoren\u00e9 d\u00e1tov\u00e9 toky vr\u00e1tane dia\u013ekov\u00e9ho prieskumu, rekon\u0161trukci\u00ed vyu\u017e\u00edvania p\u00f4dy a \u0161tatistick\u00fdch z\u00e1znamov na sledovanie zmien p\u00f4dneho pokryvu v priebehu desa\u0165ro\u010d\u00ed.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062c\u064a\u0631<\/strong>: Zakladanie lesa na p\u00f4de, ktor\u00e1 nebola ned\u00e1vno zalesnen\u00e1 (napr. po\u013enohospod\u00e1rska p\u00f4da, pastviny).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Op\u00e4tovn\u00e9 zales\u0148ovanie<\/strong>: Op\u00e4tovn\u00e9 vys\u00e1dzanie lesa na p\u00f4de, ktor\u00e1 bola predt\u00fdm zalesnen\u00e1, ale les bol odstr\u00e1nen\u00fd (napr. v d\u00f4sledku odles\u0148ovania alebo \u0165a\u017eby dreva).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Odles\u0148ovanie<\/strong>: Vy\u010distenie lesov pre in\u00e9 vyu\u017eitie p\u00f4dy, ako je po\u013enohospod\u00e1rstvo, ktor\u00e9 vedie k uvo\u013e\u0148ovaniu uskladnen\u00e9ho uhl\u00edka do atmosf\u00e9ry.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Hrub\u00e1 prim\u00e1rna produktivita (GPP)<\/strong>: Celkov\u00e9 mno\u017estvo organickej hmoty (uhl\u00edka) produkovanej fotosynt\u00e9zou v ekosyst\u00e9me.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Autotrofn\u00e1 respir\u00e1cia (RA)<\/strong>: Respir\u00e1cia vykon\u00e1van\u00e1 rastlinami na udr\u017eanie \u017eivotn\u00fdch procesov, ktor\u00e1 uvo\u013e\u0148uje CO2.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Heterotrofn\u00e1 respir\u00e1cia (RH)<\/strong>: Respir\u00e1cia vykon\u00e1van\u00e1 p\u00f4dnymi mikrobi\u00e1lnymi spolo\u010denstvami a in\u00fdmi heterotrofmi pri rozklade organickej hmoty, uvo\u013e\u0148uj\u00faca CO2.<\/li>\n<li><strong>TRENDYv10 ensemble<\/strong>: S\u00fabor dynamick\u00fdch glob\u00e1lnych vegeta\u010dn\u00fdch modelov (DGVMs) pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch na simul\u00e1ciu uhl\u00edkov\u00e9ho cyklu a hodnotenie uhl\u00edkov\u00fdch rozpo\u010dtov, \u010dasto ako prim\u00e1rny z\u00e1klad pre odhady glob\u00e1lneho uhl\u00edkov\u00e9ho rozpo\u010dtu.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Leaf Area Index (LAI)<\/strong>: Bezrozmern\u00e1 veli\u010dina definovan\u00e1 ako celkov\u00e1 plocha listov rastl\u00edn na jednotku plochy p\u00f4dy. Je to k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00fd parameter pre modelovanie ekosyst\u00e9mov\u00fdch procesov, ako je fotosynt\u00e9za a zachyt\u00e1vanie uhl\u00edka.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Uhl\u00edkov\u00e1 neutralita<\/strong>: Dosiahnutie nulov\u00e9ho \u010dist\u00e9ho uvo\u013e\u0148ovania oxidu uhli\u010dit\u00e9ho do atmosf\u00e9ry, zvy\u010dajne vyrovn\u00e1van\u00edm emisi\u00ed s odstra\u0148ovan\u00edm uhl\u00edka alebo kompenz\u00e1ciami.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Priemyseln\u00e1 revol\u00facia a s \u0148ou spojen\u00e9 rozsiahle spa\u013eovanie fos\u00edlnych pal\u00edv, ako aj \u013eudsk\u00e9 aktivity spojen\u00e9 s vyu\u017e\u00edvan\u00edm p\u00f4dy, viedli k v\u00fdrazn\u00e9mu n\u00e1rastu atmosf\u00e9rick\u00fdch hlad\u00edn sklen\u00edkov\u00fdch plynov, najm\u00e4 CO\u2082. Terestri\u00e1lne<\/p>","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[27],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-36853","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-udrzatelnost_uhlikova-neutralita"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.co2news.sk\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/36853","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.co2news.sk\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.co2news.sk\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.co2news.sk\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/7"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.co2news.sk\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=36853"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.co2news.sk\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/36853\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.co2news.sk\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=36853"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.co2news.sk\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=36853"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.co2news.sk\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=36853"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}