{"id":36399,"date":"2025-06-26T21:23:41","date_gmt":"2025-06-26T19:23:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.co2news.sk\/?p=36399"},"modified":"2025-06-26T21:24:23","modified_gmt":"2025-06-26T19:24:23","slug":"fotosynteticke-zive-materialy-nova-hranica-v-sekvestracii-uhlika","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.co2news.sk\/ar\/2025\/06\/26\/fotosynteticke-zive-materialy-nova-hranica-v-sekvestracii-uhlika\/","title":{"rendered":"Fotosyntetick\u00e9 \u017eiv\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly: Nov\u00e1 hranica v sekvestr\u00e1cii uhl\u00edka"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>V neust\u00e1lej snahe o zmiernenie narastaj\u00facej koncentr\u00e1cie CO2 v atmosf\u00e9re, ktor\u00fa sp\u00f4sobuje \u010dlovek, sa objavuj\u00fa inovat\u00edvne pr\u00edstupy. Jeden tak\u00fdto pr\u00edstup zah\u0155\u0148a v\u00fdvoj <strong>fotosyntetick\u00fdch \u017eiv\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov<\/strong>, ktor\u00e9 pon\u00fakaj\u00fa potenci\u00e1lne<!--more--> \u0161k\u00e1lovate\u013en\u00e9 a n\u00edzkoudr\u017ebov\u00e9 rie\u0161enie pre du\u00e1lnu sekvestr\u00e1ciu CO2. Na rozdiel od priemyseln\u00fdch met\u00f3d, ktor\u00e9 si \u010dasto vy\u017eaduj\u00fa extr\u00e9mne a energeticky n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00e9 podmienky, tieto biologick\u00e9 syst\u00e9my funguj\u00fa za okolit\u00fdch podmienok s vyu\u017eit\u00edm slne\u010dn\u00e9ho svetla a be\u017ene dostupn\u00fdch mal\u00fdch molek\u00fal.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u010co s\u00fa fotosyntetick\u00e9 \u017eiv\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Tieto materi\u00e1ly predstavuj\u00fa in\u017einierske syst\u00e9my, kde s\u00fa fotosyntetick\u00e9 mikroorganizmy, ako napr\u00edklad sinice (konkr\u00e9tne kme\u0148 <em>Cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002<\/em>), imobilizovan\u00e9 v tla\u010dite\u013enej polym\u00e9rovej sieti, konkr\u00e9tne v hydrog\u00e9li na b\u00e1ze Pluronic F-127 (F127). Hydrog\u00e9l F127 bol vybran\u00fd pre svoju bioin-inertn\u00fa povahu a spracovate\u013enos\u0165, umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00facu \u013eahk\u00fa dif\u00faziu mal\u00fdch molek\u00fal a dobr\u00fa priepustnos\u0165 svetla, \u010do je k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00e9 pre fotosynt\u00e9zu zapuzdren\u00fdch druhov.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Du\u00e1lna sekvestr\u00e1cia uhl\u00edka: Dva mechanizmy<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>K\u013e\u00fa\u010dovou inov\u00e1ciou t\u00fdchto \u017eiv\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov je ich schopnos\u0165 du\u00e1lnej sekvestr\u00e1cie CO2 prostredn\u00edctvom dvoch hlavn\u00fdch mechanizmov:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Akumul\u00e1cia biomasy:<\/strong> Fotosyntetick\u00e9 mikroorganizmy, ako s\u00fa sinice, maj\u00fa mechanizmus koncentr\u00e1cie CO2, ktor\u00fd dok\u00e1\u017ee akumulova\u0165 CO2 v bunkovom tele a\u017e 1000-n\u00e1sobne nad \u00farov\u0148ou okolia. N\u00e1sledne sa tento koncentrovan\u00fd uhl\u00edk fixuje vo forme biomasy generovanej po\u010das rastu buniek, \u010do predstavuje vratn\u00fa \u010das\u0165 sekvestr\u00e1cie CO2.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Mikrobi\u00e1lne indukovan\u00e1 precipit\u00e1cia uhli\u010ditanov (MICP):<\/strong> Okrem produkcie biomasy m\u00f4\u017eu ur\u010dit\u00e9 druhy sin\u00edc nezvratne viaza\u0165 CO2 vo forme anorganick\u00fdch uhli\u010ditanov\u00fdch zrazen\u00edn, ako s\u00fa uhli\u010ditany v\u00e1pnika a hor\u010d\u00edka. Tento proces prebieha mimo buniek, kde z\u00e1porne nabit\u00e9 extracelul\u00e1rne polysacharidy na bakteri\u00e1lnej membr\u00e1ne spolu s vhodn\u00fdm extracelul\u00e1rnym prostred\u00edm (z\u00e1sadit\u00e9 pH, pr\u00edtomnos\u0165 dvojmocn\u00fdch kati\u00f3nov) u\u013eah\u010duj\u00fa nukle\u00e1ciu a tvorbu nerozpustn\u00fdch uhli\u010ditanov. Tieto miner\u00e1lne zrazeniny nielen\u017ee ukladaj\u00fa viazan\u00fd uhl\u00edk v stabilnej\u0161ej forme, ale tie\u017e mechanicky spev\u0148uj\u00fa \u017eiv\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly. Fotosyntetick\u00e1 MICP je atrakt\u00edvna, preto\u017ee nevy\u017eaduje \u017eiadne dodato\u010dn\u00e9 suroviny a neprodukuje toxick\u00e9 ved\u013eaj\u0161ie produkty, na rozdiel od in\u00fdch MICP met\u00f3d, ako je ureolytick\u00e1 MICP, ktor\u00e1 produkuje amoniak.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>V\u00fdroba a \u0161truktur\u00e1lny dizajn<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Vedci pou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa digit\u00e1lny dizajn a adit\u00edvne v\u00fdrobn\u00e9 pr\u00edstupy, ako je <strong>priame p\u00edsanie atramentom (direct ink writing)<\/strong> \u0648 <strong>svetlom riaden\u00e1 adit\u00edvna v\u00fdroba<\/strong>, na \u0161trukt\u00farovanie fotosyntetick\u00fdch \u017eiv\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov. Navrhuj\u00fa 3D mrie\u017ekov\u00e9 \u0161trukt\u00fary s ve\u013ekos\u0165ou vzpier medzi 0,15 mm a 0,70 mm, aby u\u013eah\u010dili transport plynov a \u017eiv\u00edn a pr\u00edstup svetla v tla\u010den\u00fdch kon\u0161trukci\u00e1ch. Napr\u00edklad, \u0161trukt\u00fary in\u0161pirovan\u00e9 kor\u00e1lmi maximalizuj\u00fa objem \u017eivotaschopn\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu na jednotku povrchovej plochy, \u010d\u00edm zvy\u0161uj\u00fa \u00fa\u010dinnos\u0165 sekvestr\u00e1cie CO2. Tieto digit\u00e1lne navrhnut\u00e9 \u0161trukt\u00fary m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165 kultivovan\u00e9 viac ako rok, pri\u010dom nepretr\u017eite produkuj\u00fa chlorofyl a vykon\u00e1vaj\u00fa du\u00e1lnu sekvestr\u00e1ciu uhl\u00edka.<\/p>\n<p><strong>V\u00fdsledky a v\u00fdkon<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Tieto fotosyntetick\u00e9 \u017eiv\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly preuk\u00e1zali v\u00fdznamn\u00fa schopnos\u0165 sekvestr\u00e1cie CO2. Dok\u00e1zali viaza\u0165 <strong>2,2 \u00b1 0,9 mg CO2 na gram hydrog\u00e9lov\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu za 30 dn\u00ed<\/strong> a impozantn\u00fdch <strong>26 \u00b1 7 mg CO2 za 400 dn\u00ed<\/strong> vo forme uhli\u010ditanov\u00fdch zrazen\u00edn. Toto dlhodob\u00e9 kultivovanie uk\u00e1zalo, \u017ee du\u00e1lna sekvestr\u00e1cia uhl\u00edka m\u00f4\u017ee prebieha\u0165 dlh\u0161ie ako 30 dn\u00ed, najm\u00e4 v racion\u00e1lne navrhnut\u00fdch 3D \u0161trukt\u00farach.<\/p>\n<p>Mechanick\u00e9 vlastnosti materi\u00e1lu sa tie\u017e zlep\u0161uj\u00fa v priebehu \u010dasu v\u010faka akumul\u00e1cii uhli\u010ditanov\u00fdch zrazen\u00edn. Tuhos\u0165 a modul pru\u017enosti (G&#8216;) biog\u00e9nnych vzoriek sa v\u00fdrazne zv\u00fd\u0161ili po\u010das 30-d\u0148ovej inkub\u00e1cie, zatia\u013e \u010do u abiotick\u00fdch vzoriek sa nezmenili. V porovnan\u00ed s in\u00fdmi iniciat\u00edvami na zachyt\u00e1vanie CO2, ako je chemick\u00e1 mineraliz\u00e1cia recyklovan\u00fdch bet\u00f3nov\u00fdch agreg\u00e1tov (6,7 mg CO2 na gram), s\u00fa tieto fotosyntetick\u00e9 \u017eiv\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly s 26 \u00b1 7 mg CO2 na gram materi\u00e1lu konkurencieschopn\u00e9 a dokonca ich prekon\u00e1vaj\u00fa.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Potenci\u00e1lne aplik\u00e1cie a bud\u00facnos\u0165<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Fotosyntetick\u00e9 \u017eiv\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly maj\u00fa ve\u013ek\u00fd potenci\u00e1l pre \u0161irok\u00e9 spektrum aplik\u00e1ci\u00ed, vr\u00e1tane <strong>uhl\u00edkovo neutr\u00e1lnej infra\u0161trukt\u00fary<\/strong>, <strong>zmier\u0148ovania CO2<\/strong>, pou\u017eitia ako <strong>povrchov\u00e9 n\u00e1tery pre ekologick\u00e9 stavebn\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly<\/strong> alebo ako <strong>bioreaktory v komer\u010dn\u00fdch sekvestra\u010dn\u00fdch zariadeniach<\/strong>. Ich jednoduch\u00e9 po\u017eiadavky (slne\u010dn\u00e9 svetlo a atmosf\u00e9rick\u00fd CO2) a \u013eahk\u00e1 \u00fadr\u017eba umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00fa ich in\u0161tal\u00e1ciu v r\u00f4znych prostrediach, od mestsk\u00fdch po vidiecke oblasti, pre dlhodob\u00fa a udr\u017eate\u013en\u00fa sekvestr\u00e1ciu CO2. Bud\u00faca pr\u00e1ca zah\u0155\u0148a kvantitat\u00edvne hodnotenie sekvestr\u00e1cie CO2 prostredn\u00edctvom akumul\u00e1cie biomasy a mo\u017enos\u0165 genetickej modifik\u00e1cie alebo v\u00fdberu mikroorganizmov s vy\u0161\u0161ou mierou fotosynt\u00e9zy na \u010fal\u0161ie zv\u00fd\u0161enie \u00fa\u010dinnosti. <em><strong>SpringR<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><strong>\u0645\u0633\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Abiotick\u00e9 vzorky:<\/strong> Vzorky polym\u00e9rnej matrice bez zapuzdren\u00fdch cyanobakt\u00e9ri\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 sl\u00fa\u017eia ako kontrola v experimentoch.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Akumul\u00e1cia biomasy:<\/strong> N\u00e1rast celkovej hmoty organick\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu vytvoren\u00e9ho \u017eiv\u00fdmi organizmami, v tomto pr\u00edpade cyanobakt\u00e9riami, po\u010das fotosynt\u00e9zy. Predstavuje reverzibiln\u00fa formu sekvestr\u00e1cie CO2.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Alizar\u00edn \u010derven\u00fd S farbenie:<\/strong> Chemick\u00e9 farbenie pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e9 na vizualiz\u00e1ciu a kvantifik\u00e1ciu akumul\u00e1cie v\u00e1pnika, a t\u00fdm aj uhli\u010ditanov\u00fdch zrazen\u00edn, vo vzork\u00e1ch.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Bioatrament:<\/strong> Tla\u010dite\u013en\u00e1 zmes polym\u00e9rov a \u017eiv\u00fdch mikroorganizmov pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e1 pri 3D bioprinte na v\u00fdrobu \u017eiv\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Biotick\u00e9 vzorky:<\/strong> Vzorky polym\u00e9rnej matrice obsahuj\u00face zapuzdren\u00e9 fotosyntetick\u00e9 mikroorganizmy, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa predmetom experiment\u00e1lneho \u0161t\u00fadia.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Carbon concentrating mechanism (CCM):<\/strong> Mechanizmus v mnoh\u00fdch fotosyntetick\u00fdch mikroorganizmoch, ktor\u00fd akt\u00edvne akumuluje CO2 v bunkovom tele a\u017e 1000-n\u00e1sobne nad \u00farove\u0148 prostredia.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Carbon capture and storage (CCS):<\/strong> Priemyseln\u00e9 technol\u00f3gie na zachyt\u00e1vanie CO2 z ve\u013ek\u00fdch emisn\u00fdch zdrojov a jeho skladovanie, zvy\u010dajne v podzem\u00ed.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Cyanobakt\u00e9rie <em>Synechococcus sp.<\/em> kme\u0148 PCC 7002:<\/strong> Konkr\u00e9tny druh fotosyntetick\u00fdch mikroorganizmov pou\u017eit\u00fd v \u0161t\u00fadii pre ich schopnos\u0165 du\u00e1lnej sekvestr\u00e1cie uhl\u00edka.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Dvojit\u00e1 sekvestr\u00e1cia CO2:<\/strong> S\u00fa\u010dasn\u00e9 zachyt\u00e1vanie CO2 prostredn\u00edctvom dvoch r\u00f4znych mechanizmov: tvorby biomasy a mikrobi\u00e1lne indukovanej precipit\u00e1cie uhli\u010ditanov (MICP).<\/li>\n<li><strong>Energeticky disperzn\u00e1 r\u00f6ntgenov\u00e1 spektroskopia (EDS):<\/strong> Analytick\u00e1 technika pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e1 na stanovenie element\u00e1rneho zlo\u017eenia materi\u00e1lu, \u010dasto v spojen\u00ed so skenovac\u00edm elektr\u00f3nov\u00fdm mikroskopom.<\/li>\n<li><strong>F127 a F127-BUM (Pluronic F-127 a F127-bis urethane methacrylate):<\/strong> Polym\u00e9rne zl\u00fa\u010deniny tvoriace z\u00e1klad hydrog\u00e9lovej matrice. F127-BUM je funk\u010dn\u00e1 verzia, ktor\u00fa mo\u017eno fotokr\u00ed\u017eovo zosie\u0165ova\u0165 pre stabilitu.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Fotosyntetick\u00e9 \u017eiv\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly (PLM):<\/strong> Skon\u0161truovan\u00e9 materi\u00e1ly, ktor\u00e9 obsahuj\u00fa zapuzdren\u00e9 fotosyntetick\u00e9 mikroorganizmy v polym\u00e9rnej sieti, navrhnut\u00e9 na zachyt\u00e1vanie CO2 a v\u00fdrobu uhl\u00edkov\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Hydrog\u00e9l:<\/strong> Trojrozmern\u00e1 polym\u00e9rna sie\u0165, ktor\u00e1 je schopn\u00e1 absorbova\u0165 ve\u013ek\u00e9 mno\u017estvo vody, vytv\u00e1raj\u00fac g\u00e9l-podobn\u00fa \u0161trukt\u00faru; pou\u017e\u00edva sa na zapuzdrenie mikroorganizmov.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Mikrobi\u00e1lne indukovan\u00e1 precipit\u00e1cia uhli\u010ditanov (MICP):<\/strong> Biologick\u00fd proces, pri ktorom mikroorganizmy u\u013eah\u010duj\u00fa tvorbu nerozpustn\u00fdch uhli\u010ditanov\u00fdch miner\u00e1lov, sl\u00fa\u017eiacich ako ireverzibiln\u00fd uhl\u00edkov\u00fd pohlcova\u010d.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Modul pru\u017enosti (G&#8216;):<\/strong> Miera tuhosti alebo odporu materi\u00e1lu vo\u010di \u0161mykovej deform\u00e1cii, ktor\u00e1 nazna\u010duje mechanick\u00e9 vlastnosti materi\u00e1lu.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Optick\u00e1 hustota (OD730nm):<\/strong> Miera z\u00e1kalu alebo absorbancie tekutej kult\u00fary pri vlnovej d\u013a\u017eke 730 nm, ktor\u00e1 sa pou\u017e\u00edva na monitorovanie koncentr\u00e1cie buniek cyanobakt\u00e9ri\u00ed.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Pericelul\u00e1rna tvorba uhli\u010ditanov:<\/strong> Tvorba uhli\u010ditanov\u00fdch zrazen\u00edn v tesnej bl\u00edzkosti alebo okolo cyanobakt\u00e9riov\u00fdch buniek.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Fotokr\u00ed\u017eov\u00e9 zosie\u0165ovanie:<\/strong> Proces, pri ktorom sa polym\u00e9ry (napr. F127-BUM) sp\u00e1jaj\u00fa pomocou svetla, \u010d\u00edm sa zvy\u0161uje mechanick\u00e1 stabilita materi\u00e1lu.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Reol\u00f3gia:<\/strong> \u0160t\u00fadium toku a deform\u00e1cie hmoty, ktor\u00e1 sa pou\u017e\u00edva na charakteriz\u00e1ciu vlastnost\u00ed bioatramentu, ako je riedenie \u0161mykom a elastick\u00e9 zotavenie.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase\/oxygenase (RuBisCo):<\/strong> Enz\u00fdm k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00fd pre fix\u00e1ciu uhl\u00edka po\u010das fotosynt\u00e9zy, ktor\u00fd premie\u0148a CO2 na organick\u00e9 zl\u00fa\u010deniny.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Sekvestr\u00e1cia uhl\u00edka:<\/strong> Proces odstra\u0148ovania a dlhodob\u00e9ho skladovania atmosf\u00e9rick\u00e9ho uhl\u00edka (zvy\u010dajne CO2) v uhl\u00edkovom rezervo\u00e1ri.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Termogravimetrick\u00e1 anal\u00fdza (TGA):<\/strong> Technika pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e1 na meranie zmien hmotnosti vzorky ako funkcie teploty, ktor\u00e1 sa pou\u017e\u00edva na potvrdenie pr\u00edtomnosti uhli\u010ditanov.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Tvrdos\u0165:<\/strong> Mno\u017estvo energie, ktor\u00e9 materi\u00e1l absorbuje pred zlomen\u00edm, \u010do je indik\u00e1tor odolnosti materi\u00e1lu vo\u010di prasknutiu.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ureolytick\u00e1 MICP:<\/strong> Typ MICP, ktor\u00fd sa spolieha na rozklad mo\u010doviny na tvorbu uhli\u010ditanov; \u010dasto spojen\u00e1 s produkciou amoniaku.<\/li>\n<li><strong>UV-vis spektroskopia:<\/strong> Technika, ktor\u00e1 meria absorpciu svetla vzorkou v ultrafialovom a vidite\u013enom rozsahu, ktor\u00e1 sa pou\u017e\u00edva na hodnotenie priepustnosti svetla v hydrog\u00e9li.<\/li>\n<li><strong>Volumetrick\u00e1 3D tla\u010d:<\/strong> Met\u00f3da 3D tla\u010de, ktor\u00e1 vytv\u00e1ra trojrozmern\u00e9 objekty polymeriz\u00e1ciou celej objemovej oblasti naraz pomocou svetla.<\/li>\n<li><strong>X-ray difrakcia (XRD):<\/strong> Analytick\u00e1 technika pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00e1 na identifik\u00e1ciu kry\u0161talick\u00fdch f\u00e1z v materi\u00e1li, ktor\u00e1 sa pou\u017e\u00edva na potvrdenie kry\u0161talickej \u0161trukt\u00fary uhli\u010ditanov.<\/li>\n<\/ul>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>V neust\u00e1lej snahe o zmiernenie narastaj\u00facej koncentr\u00e1cie CO2 v atmosf\u00e9re, ktor\u00fa sp\u00f4sobuje \u010dlovek, sa objavuj\u00fa inovat\u00edvne pr\u00edstupy. Jeden tak\u00fdto pr\u00edstup zah\u0155\u0148a v\u00fdvoj fotosyntetick\u00fdch \u017eiv\u00fdch materi\u00e1lov, ktor\u00e9 pon\u00fakaj\u00fa potenci\u00e1lne<\/p>","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-36399","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-znizovanie_co2_cdr_ccs_ccu_dac"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.co2news.sk\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/36399","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.co2news.sk\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.co2news.sk\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.co2news.sk\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/7"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.co2news.sk\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=36399"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.co2news.sk\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/36399\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.co2news.sk\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=36399"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.co2news.sk\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=36399"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.co2news.sk\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=36399"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}